Several of the characteristics
of American banking just
discussed carry over into
today's commercial banking
system. Prominent among these is
the dual-chartering system; that
is, we continue to have
commercial bank charters issued
at two different levels of
government. National banks
receive their charters from the
Comptroller of Currency. Any
national bank must have
somewhere in its corporate title
the word "national". Thus, for
example, "Wells Fargo Bank,
National Association" indicates
that this bank has a federal
charter. All national banks must
be members of the Federal
Reserve System.
Most banks, however, receive
their charters from the
appropriate agency of their
respective state. They are under
the supervision of their state's
banking authority. However,
state-chartered commercial banks
may elect to become members of
the Federal Reserve System, but
this not mandatory for them as
it is for national banks. If
state-chartered banks~ elect
membership in the Federal
Reserve System, they come under
the supervision of two banking
authorities, state and
national.
Thus, the American commercial
banking system is comprised of
two types of banks: the member
banks of the Federal Reserve
System which are national banks
and those state-chartered banks
electing membership; and
nonmember state-chartered banks.
Today' s banking system in the
United States is comprised of
more than 14,000 individual
banks. Of this number, well
under 50 percent are member
banks of the Federal Reserve
System--only 5,788 commercial
banks out of a total of 14,633,
or roughly 40 percent. These
member banks, however, commanded
the largest share of commercial
banks resources, about
three-fourths as of June 30,
1976. They held over
three-fourths of deposits
subject to check, $202,144
million as of the same date,
which represented some 67
percent of our total money
supply.
Although the national banks
did~ continue a considerable
advance in American commercial
banking development, they also
brought with them disadvantages.
Their improvements included the
establishment of a safe, uniform
currency and a reduction in the
number of commercial bank
failures through strengthening
due to more conservative
standards of regulation and
examination. There also
developed a measure of
correspondent banking relations
through the provision for
regarding, deposits in reserve
city and central reserve city
banks as reserves. But this last
feature also was the System's
greatest weakness. The National
Bank System provided for the
concentration go existing
reserves into the city banks,
but no provision was made for
the creation of new reserves
when necessary.
In our discussion, these two
characteristics of present-day
commercial banks will be in the
forefront of much of our
analysis: First, commercial
banks create deposit liabilities
against themselves, instead of
note issue as the early banks
did; and second, commercial
banks today hold a wide variety
of earning assets, not just
short-term, self-liquidating
loans. One thing, however,
continues to be just as true
today as it was in the days of
the banker: creation of money
occurs when two opposite
transactions take place
simultaneously between the
commercial bank and the
customer~ The commercial bank
increases its debt to the
customer, and the customer puts
himself into debt to the bank by
the same amount. This
simultaneous exchange of
liabilities is significant
because one of the debts
created--the demand deposit
liability--is money while the
other-the loan--earns income for
the bank.
From
Money and Banking
NOTES
1.dual chartering system
双轨(银行)注册制,指商业银行既可以在联邦注册,也可在各州注册。这一制度为美国所特有。
2.National banks
国民银行,在美国指在联邦注册的商业银行。
3.ComptrollerofCurrency壬塑生生里宣(隶属于财政部),是美国金融监管职能部门之一,与美联储共同承担金融业的监管职能。
4.Federal Reserve System
联邦储备体系,即美国的中央银行(体系),通常可简称为美联储。
5.state-chartered banks
在州注册的商业银行,通常称为州立银行。
6.moneysupply
货币供应,包括货币供应量和货币供给行为两方面内容,是指银行系统通过其资金运用向社会注入货币的数量以及相应的行为过程。
7.Although the national banks
did …did在此处表示强调,可译为“确实”。
8.correspondent banking
代理行业务,指某一银行委托其它银行代为办理某些业务的关系。
9.note issue
指中央银行制度建立之前,各商业银行自己发行银行券的业务活动。
10.self-liquidating loans
自我清偿贷款,指商业银行向有物资保证且清偿力较高的企业发放的短期贷款。
参考资料:
美国的银行体系
自1782年美国第一家银行——北美银行(Bank。fNorthAmerica)成立以来,美国金融业经过长达200多年的发展,目前已形成了一个以商业银行为主,包括中央银行、储蓄机构、投资银行和政府专业性银行在内的庞大体系。
一、美国的联邦储备体系(Federal Reserve
System)
联邦储备体系,即美国的中央银行。它是根据1913年12月23日美国总统威尔逊签署的联邦储备法而建.立起来的,简称联储(FED)。
联储的组成包括以下几部分:(1)联邦储备银行。联邦储备银行共有12家,分别设在波士顿、纽约、费城、克利夫兰、里土满、亚特兰大、芝加哥、圣·路易斯、明尼阿波利斯、堪萨斯、达拉斯和旧金山。它们在各自负责的地区执行中央银行的职能。除以上12家联邦储备银行外,凡根据联邦法律在联邦注册成立的国民银行都必须参加联邦储备体系,成为成员银行。其他根据各州法律在州政府注册成立的银行,如符合条件并愿意参加联邦储备体系的,则可自愿申请加入。(2)联邦储备委员会。联邦储备委员会(FRB)设在首都华盛顿,由7名理事组成,负责管理整个联邦储备体系。理事会成员和主席均由总统任命。该委员会负责制定有关法律规则并监督其实施,制定和审查批准储备金要求、存款最高利率及贴现率等。(3)联邦公开市场委员会。联邦公开市场委员会负责制定联储的短期货币政策,由12名成员组成,包括联储委员会理事及部分联储银行行长。该委员会所制定的货币政策通过设在纽约联储银行的公开市场桌(Open
Market
Desk),在一个称之为“公开市场帐户”的特殊帐户买卖美国政府和联邦机构的债券及承兑银行票据来实现。(4)联邦咨询委员会。联邦咨询委员会由每个联邦储备区选派一名成员组成,是一个政策咨询和建议机构。
美国联邦储备体系的特点在于:(1)联储体系不是由联邦政府控制,而是由12个地区联储银行和联储委员会共同执行中央银行职能。(2)联储体系由成员银行共同拥有,而不是由联邦政府所有,其性质是私有的,具有很强的独立性,在制定和执行货币政策时不需要得到政府和国会的批准。
二、美国的商业银行体系
商业银行是美国银行体系的中坚力量。多年来,美国的商业银行体系形成了其独特的形式,主要有以下几方面特点:
.
1.双轨银行制度
按对商业银行的管血体制划分,美国的商业银行可分为在联邦政府注册的国民银行和在州政府注册的州立银行两种,这就是美国独特的双轨银行制度。国民银行必须是联邦储备体系的成员银行,受财政部货币总监、联储和联邦存款保险公司的监督管理。州银行则不一定要参加联储及联邦存款保险公司。
长期以来,美国的商业银行总数一直保持在1万家以上。其中国民银行占50%左右。但国民银行中有许多是实力雄厚的大银行,如花旗银行(City
Bank)、大通银行(Chase Manhattan
Bank)、美洲银行(Bank of
American)等等。这些银行也是美国主要的国际性大银行。
2.单一银行制度
单一银行制度是在三十年代世界性经济危机后在美国实行的,其目的是为了保证银行经营的安全性。单一银行制度的内容是不允许银行跨州设立分支机构,同时商业银行也不能经营投资银行业务。因此美国商业银行的经营无论是在地域范围还是业务范围上都受到很大限制。
80年代以来,金融自由化的浪潮遍及全球,美国的单一银行制度也受到了很大冲击,商业银行纷纷要求放松这方面的限制以适应日趋激烈’的竞争,有关法律已有所松动,美国商业银行的经营的自由度正在逐步扩大。
3.联邦存款保险公司
美国的联邦存款保险公司是根据1933年的银行法令建立起来的。根据有关法律规定,各银行要向联邦存款保险公司缴纳保险基金,而联邦存款保险公司有责任在投保银行倒闭时保证存款人的财产不致受到损失。此外,该公司还拥有检查监督的权力,成为会员银行的后盾。
三、其他金融机构
除商业银行外,美国还有其他一些金融机构,主要有以下几类:
1.储蓄机构。储蓄机构不是银行,但是能够向商业银行一样吸收存款,并把它作为主要资金来源。储蓄机构的资金原来主要投资于消费领域,但自80年代以来,大量转向其他领域。
储蓄机构主要可分为三类:(1)储贷机构。储贷机构是在联邦或州注册的金融机构,按照法律规定,这些机构的贷款必须大部分用于住房抵押贷款,其管理机构为联邦住宅贷款银行董事会和联邦储蓄和贷款保险公司。储贷机构又可分为合作社和股份公司两种形式。(2)互助储蓄银行。互助储蓄银行是由存款者所拥有的合作存款金融机构。其管理由一个受托人委员会(理事会)任命的管理人员负责。互助储蓄银行的资产主要投放于抵押贷款和抵押贷款证券上,也有相当比重投放于政府证券、公司债券和其他贷款上。(3)信用社。信用社为非盈利性酌合作金融机构,为会员提供个人贷款等银行服务。信用社由会员选出董事会,其他管理人员则由董事会任命。信用社成员必须由有一定联系的人员(如同一公司工作的员工)组成。
2.投资机构。美国的投资机构主要包括以下几类:(1)投资银行公司。美国的投资银行业十分发达,有许多世界著名的投资公司,如美林公司、摩根·斯坦利公司、所罗门兄弟公司等。投资银行公司的基本业务有四类:承购包瘸薪发行证券;经纪和交易;资金管理;其他收费业务。(2)证券经纪与交易公司。这些公司的资产以短期存款和证券、证券信贷(向客户提供购买证券的信贷)
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